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Table of Contents
  • Audiet Pugnas vitio Parentum / Rara Juventus. Hor: Young men—the few who are left after the crimes of their fathers—will hear of battles. [School and College Latin Exercises]
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  • Postscript to Lauder’s Essay on Milton’s Use and Imitation of the Moderns
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Proposals for Printing by Subscription Hugonis Grotii Adamus Exul
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By Johnson, Samuel

Samuel Johnson: Johnson on Demand

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Proposals for Printing Adamus Exul (1747)
[Editorial Introduction]
William Lauder (c. 1710–c. 1771), a Latin teacher and editor, was first involved in academic controversy, with a political slant, when he championed Arthur Johnston’s translation of the Psalms (1633–37), particularly number 104, as superior to the famed George Buchanan’s version (1556).1 Lauder had edited Johnston’s Latin paraphrases of the Psalms in the first volume of his two-volume Poetarum Scotorum Musae Sacrae (1739), along with selections of a few others’ paraphrases, and in the second volume he had anthologized a poetical debate about the relative merits of Johnston’s, Buchanan’s, and other Scottish poets’ Latin versions of Psalm 104. The great Buchanan, with strong ties to Elizabeth, was by many Scottish nationalists, including Lauder, considered a traitor to Mary, Queen of Scots, although Lauder said his main reason for preferring Johnston’s version of Psalm 104 as a text for the schools was its relative simplicity. In his introductory essays in Poetarum Scotorum, Lauder, nevertheless, criticized Buchanan, and in later pamphlets accused his supporters of forgery and false quotation.2 For complicated reasons, Lauder shifted the object of his attacks and applied the same tactics in an assault on John Milton, whose politics he openly deplored.3 On 5 September 1745, for example, he wrote—not for the first time—to his publisher Thomas Ruddiman, accusing Milton of having plagiarized


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a substantial part of Paradise Lost.4 Lauder evidently thought that Ruddiman, a royalist and Jacobite, would be receptive to these claims, especially since the last Jacobite uprising was then under way. In his detailed and fierce response, Ruddiman concluded: “notwithstanding the many foul blots of [Milton’s] character, there is none that will impartially read but two pages of his Paradise Lost, but must be satisfy’d that he was such a masterly poet, that he needed not to pilfer either thoughts or expressions from any other.”5 Ruddiman clearly found Lauder obnoxious and later noted, “I was so sensible of the weakness and folly of that man [Lauder] that I shunned his company, as far as decently I could.”6
Soon after his rejection by Ruddiman, on 31 October 1745—the day that Prince Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, left Edinburgh for the “invasion” of 1745—Lauder quit his post at Dundee Grammar School. He went to England the following spring and soon began prosecuting his attack on Milton in a new venue.7 From January to August 1747 he published letters in the Gentleman’s Magazine, attempting to substantiate his claims of Milton’s plagiarism by citation of passages in Paradise Lost alongside parallels in the Latin poems of Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) and others.8 Cave may have introduced Lauder to Johnson at this time, although Johnson was by then working less on the GM and more on his Dictionary. It is also possible that Lauder contacted Johnson independently. No matter how it happened, Johnson was involved by August. In that month’s issue of the Gentleman’s Magazine (XVII.404) appeared proposals for printing Hugo Grotius’s Adamus Exul, one of the works cited in the earlier articles as a source of Paradise Lost.9 To the proposals proper, Johnson added several


Page 141

explanatory paragraphs.1 The proposals were published separately in early September. About two years later, Lauder used Johnson’s paragraphs, with the addition of two of his own, as the preface to his Essay on Milton’s Use and Imitation of the Moderns in his Paradise Lost (1750), an augmented, more virulent redaction of his several pieces in the Gentleman’s Magazine for 1747.2 The text below is based on the unique surviving copy of the independently published proposals,3 but differences in the Gentleman’s Magazine version and in the preface to the Essay (1750) are noted in the textual apparatus.4
Proposals
for Printinga by Subscriptionb
Hugonis Grotii
Adamus Exsul, Tragoedia:
With an English version, and the lines imitated from it
by Milton subjoined to the pages.c
BY WILLIAM LAUDER, A. M.d
I. The paper is to be the same with that of these proposals, and the print the same with the specimen annexed.e II. Each subscriber is to pay five shillings, one half at the time of subscribing, and the other on the delivery of the book in sheets. III. The work shall be printed off with all convenient speed.f Subscriptions are taken in by Mr Davidson, in the Poultry;


Page 142

Mr Vaillant, in the Strand; Mr Cave, at St John’s Gate; and by the editor.g
Ith is now more than half a centuryi since the Paradise lost,j having broke through the cloudk with which the unpopularity of its author for a time obscured it, has attracted the general admiration of mankind,l who have endeavoured to compensate the error of their first neglectm by lavish praises,n and boundless veneration.1 There seems to have arisen a contesto among men of genius and literature, who should most advance itsp honour, or best distinguish itsq beauties. Some have revised editions, others have published commentaries, and all have endeavouredr to make their particular studies in some degrees subservient to this general emulation.2
Among the inquiriest to which this ardour of criticism has


Page 143

naturally given occasion, none is more obscure in itself, or more worthy of rational curiosity, than a retrospection of the progress of this mighty geniusu in the construction of his work,v a view of the fabric3 gradually rising, perhaps from small beginnings, till its foundation rests in the centre, and its turrets sparkle in the skies; to trace back the structurew throughx all its varietiesy to the simplicity of its first plan,z to find what was first projected, whence the scheme was taken, how it was improved, by what assistance it was executed, and from what stores the materials were collected;a whether its founder dug them from the quarries of nature, or demolished other buildings to embellish his own.
This inquiry has been indeed not wholly neglected, norb perhapsc prosecuted with the care and diligence that it deserves. Several critics have offered their conjectures,d but none have much endeavoured to enforce or ascertain them. Mr. Voltaire tells us, without proof, that the first hint of Paradise loste was taken from a farce called Adamo, written by a player;4 Dr. Pearce, that it was derived from an Italian tragedy called Il paradiso perso;5 and Mr. Peck, that it was borrowed from a wild romance.6 Any of these conjectures may possibly


Page 144

be true, butf as they stand without sufficient proof, it must be grantedg likewise, that they may all possibly be false,h at least they cannot preclude any other opinion, which, without argument, has the same claim to credit, and may perhaps be shewni by resistless evidencej to be better founded.
It is related, by steady and uncontroverted tradition, that the Paradise lostk was at first a tragedy, and thereforel amongst tragedies the first hint is properly to be sought. In a manuscriptm published from Milton’s own hand, among a great number of subjects for tragedy, is Adam unparadised, or Adam in Exile; and this thereforen may be justly supposed the embryo of this great poem.7 As it is observableo that all these subjects had been treated by others, the manuscript can be supposed nothing morep than a memorial or catalogue of plays, which, for some reason, the writer thought worthy of his attention. When therefore I had observedq that Adam in Exiler was named amongst them, I doubted not but, in finding the original of that tragedy, I should disclose the genuine source of Paradise lost.s Nor was my expectation disappointed; for, having procured the Adamus Exsul of Grotius, I found, or imagined myself to find, the first draught, the prima stamina


Page 145

of this wonderful poem.t And, as I cannot doubt but the discovery will give the same pleasure to others as to me, I hope the publicku will favour this attempt, since the original is so scarce, that Gronovius,8 with all the influence that his learning gives him, was not able to procure me a printed copy. Thev version that will be added is new and elegant, and the question which this publication tends to illustrate, is,w in the highest degree, worthy of general regard.9
Having thus traced the original of this work, I was naturally induced to continue my search to the collateral relations, which it might be supposed to have contracted, in its progress to maturity: and having, at least, persuaded my own judgment, that the search has not been intirely ineffectual, I now lay the result of my labours before the public; with full conviction, that in questions of this kind, the world cannot be mistaken, at least cannot long continue in error.
I cannot avoid acknowledging the candour of the author of that excellent monthly book, the Gentleman’s Magazine, in giving admission to the specimens in favour of this argument; and his impartiality, in as freely inserting the several answers.1 I shall here subjoin some extracts from the xvii. volume of this work, which I think suitable to my purpose. To which I have added, in order to obviate every pretence for cavil, a list of the authors quoted in the following Essay, with their respective dates, in comparison with the date of Paradise Lost.2


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Editorial Notes
1 For much of our biographical information about Lauder, we rely on Paul Baines’s article in ODNB and the articles by Michael J. Marcuse cited below.
2 See Lauder, Calumny Display’d: or Pseudo-Philo-Buchananus (1740).
3 Expanding a point in his proposals for Delectus Auctorum Sacrorum (1750), Lauder claimed in his Letter to the Reverend Mr. Douglas (1751) that his “resentment” was unhappily directed against Milton (p. 13) because Alexander Pope ruined the sale of his edition of Johnston by a “contemptuous comparison” to Milton in the Dunciad, Book IV (ll. 111–12), although Pope’s main target was William Benson, who had enthusiastically praised both Johnston and Milton. Marcuse suggested these proposals were written by SJ on internal evidence, but we find the case for SJ’s authorship to be weak. See “The Lauder Controversy and the Jacobite Cause,” Studies in Burke and His Time, XVIII (1977), 27–47.
4 Printed in Douglas Duncan, Thomas Ruddiman (1965), pp. 159–60, from the manuscript in the National Library of Scotland and in Marcuse, “The Lauder Controversy,” pp. 34–35.
5 Duncan, p. 165; Marcuse, “The Lauder Controversy,” p. 36.
6 George Chalmers, The Life of Thomas Ruddiman (1794), p. 150n.
7 Thomas Birch reported May 1746 as the starting date for Lauder’s attacks on Milton in London (Marcuse, “Miltonoklastes: The Lauder Affair Reconsidered,” Eighteenth-Century Life, IV [1978], 86–91: 87, citing Birch’s “Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. Milton,” in his Complete Collection of the Historical, Political, and Miscellaneous Works of John Milton, 2 vols. [2nd ed., 1753], I.lxvii).
8 See GM, XVII.24–26, 82–86, 189, 285–86, 363–64. For a complete survey of these publications and the possible complicity of GM in promoting Lauder’s argument and suppressing opposition, see Michael J. Marcuse, “The Gentleman’s Magazine and the Lauder/Milton Controversy,” Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, LXXXI (1978), 179–209. See also Paul Baines, The House of Forgery in Eighteenth-Century Britain (1999), pp. 81–102.
9 Sacra in Quibus Adamus Exul Tragoedia Aliorumque eiusdem Generis Carminum Cumulus (1601). Johnson and Lauder spell it Exsul, using an alternative form of the word.
1 As Donald Greene noted, the proposals were first attributed to Johnson by Alexander Chalmers (Notes and Queries, n. s. XIV [May 1967], 180).
2 Isaac Reed included this preface in Works 1788 (XIV.16–19).
3 British Library 11822.pp.1.
4 For further bibliographical information, see “Prospectuses,” p. 226; Hazen, pp. 76–82; and Bibliography, I.140–41.
a printing, GM
b subscription, GM
c With an English version, and notes, and the lines imitated from it by Milton subjoined. GM
d M.A. GM
e The paper . . . annexed.] omitted GM
f speed.] The work shall be printed off with all convenient speed, on a good paper and letter. GM
g Proposals, with a specimen, will, after the 5th instant, be deliver’d out, and subscriptions taken in by Mr Cave at St John’s Gate; Mr Davidson in the Poultry; and the editor. GM
h 1750 begins here.
i century, 50
j Lost, GM, 50
k cloud, 50
l mankind; 50
m neglect, 50
n praises 50
1 The lavish, illustrated edition of Paradise Lost published in 1688 at the start of the Glorious Revolution may have marked a turning point in Milton’s popularity, but Addison’s eighteen Spectator papers on Paradise Lost (1712) were decisive.
o contest, 50
p his GM
q his GM
r endeavoured, 50
s studies, in some degree, 50
2 As early as 1685, Dryden too bridled at the tendency to praise Milton excessively: “’Tis as much commendation as a man can bear, to own him excellent; all beyond is idolatry” (preface to Sylvae, cited by John Leonard, Faithful Labourers: A reception history of Paradise Lost, 2 vols. [2014], I.8). Fifty-five years later William Warburton remarked that the Lauder affair was “likely enough to mortify all the silly adorers of Milton who deserve to be laughed at” (Marcuse, “Miltonoklastes,” p. 91, n. 39, citing Letters from a Late Eminent Prelate [3rd ed., 1809], letter XV).
t inquiries, 50
u genius, 50
v work; 50
3 Fabric: structure; cf. “the fabricks of other poets” and the “adamant of Shakespeare,” Preface to Shakespeare (Yale, VII.70).
w structure, 50
x thro’ GM
y variations GM] varieties, 50
z plan; 50
a collected, 50
b nor, 50
c perhaps, 50
d conjectures; 50
e Lost GM, 50
4 Voltaire, An Essay upon the Civil Wars of France . . . and also upon the Epick Poetry of the European Nations from Homer down to Milton (1727), p. 103.
5 Zachary Pearce, A Review of the Text of the Twelve Books of Milton’s Paradise Lost; in which the chief of Dr. Bentley’s Emendations are Considered (1733), preface, p. vii.
6 Francis Peck, New Memoirs of the Life and Poetical Works of Mr. John Milton (1740), pp. 50–59. Peck says the fable is The Rogue, or, the Life of Guzman de Alfarache, by Mateo Alemán (trans., 1622). As Peck mentions both Voltaire and Pearce, he may be the source of SJ’s two previous allusions.
f but, 50
g granted, 50
h false; 50
i may, perhaps, be shewn, 50
j evidence, GM, 50
k Lost GM, 50
l and, therefore, 50
m manuscript, 50
n this, therefore, 50
7 The Milton MS, Trinity College MS R.3.4 (Trinity College, Cambridge), contains notes for Paradise Lost showing that Milton first conceived of it as a tragedy entitled “Adam Unparadiz’d” (p. 40).
o observable, 50
p more, 50
q When, therefore, I had observed, 50
r exile GM
s Lost GM, 50
t 50 ends here.
u public GM
8 Abraham Gronovius (1695–1775), secretary to the University of Leiden and both son and grandson of famous classicists. In his Letter to Douglas (see below, p. 150), Lauder appends two letters from Gronovius indicating that he could not find a copy of Adamus Exul but that he had sent Lauder two or three acts of the play transcribed by his son (pp. 22–23).
v copy. The GM] copy, the Proposals
w is^ GM
9 The following two paragraphs were added to the preface by Lauder.
1 GM printed some responses to Lauder’s argument, but it suppressed or restricted others; see Marcuse, “The Gentleman’s Magazine and the Lauder/ Milton Controversy.”
2 Richard Richardson had questioned Lauder’s dates in Zoilomastix or a Vindication of Milton from All the Invidious Charges of Mr. William Lauder (1747).
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Document Details
Document TitleProposals for Printing by Subscription Hugonis Grotii Adamus Exul
AuthorJohnson, Samuel
Creation Date1747
Publ. DateN/A
Alt. TitleN/A
Contrib. AuthorN/A
ClassificationSubject: Plagiarism; Subject: Milton; Subject: Paradise Lost; Subject: Grotius; Subject: Zachariah Pearce; Genre: Proposal; Genre: Preface
PrinterN/A
PublisherEdward Cave
Publ. PlaceLondon
VolumeSamuel Johnson: Johnson on Demand
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